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The library has become "a place entrusted with the acquisition, organization, preservation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information in anything format it might appear" (Olanlokun and Salisu 1993, ix). West Africa Theological Seminary Library is at the crossroad. The primary library practices and contemporary technological advances must be industrialized and embraced if it is to be relevant in this information age. It is a very high price which must be paid otherwise the library will finally become like the legendary character who slept for twenty years at Gasgill Mountain in Gulliver's Travels and finally woke up to find the world wholly changed.
Brief History Of West Africa Theological Seminary
The history of the above seminary could be realistically traced to the historic visitation by two American missionaries (Rev. Dr. And Rev. Mrs. Gary Maxey) who led a group of Nigerian and expatriate Christians to Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria in April 1989. (The Maxeys had initially worked creditably in religious study in Port Harcourt for seven years). The preparation of the seminary in 1989 was a practical demonstration of the need to actively partake in the training of pastors, evangelists, missionaries and teachers not only in Nigeria but also in other parts of the continent and the west. Presently, the seminary is the largest non-denominational evangelical holiness seminary in Nigeria that has attracted students from a broad spectrum of Nigerian Christian denominations, (and) ethnic groups. During a recently completed semester, Wats has students from thirty of Nigeria's states, from over forty language groups, from (several) other African countries, and from well over eighty dissimilar church groups (West Africa Theological Seminary Prospectus 2004, 5).
The name of the seminary was changed from Wesley International Theological Seminary to West Africa Theological Seminary on 1 June 2001, the same year it relocated to 35/37 Mm International Airport Road, Lagos, Nigeria. The custom is affiliated to the University of Nsukka, Nigeria and presently offers some programs of study along with : Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies, Bachelor of Arts in Theology, Diploma in Theology, Certificate in Computer Studies, Diploma in Computer Studies, M.A. In Biblical Studies, scholar of Divinity, M.A. In Christian Leadership and M.A. In Intercultural Studies. The seminary started publishing the West Africa Theological Seminary Journal in 2002.
One of the immediate plans of the seminary is to automate its library collection. A crucial aspect is to recognize software that will be able to meet the needs of the seminary. In selecting software, the seminary must think in terms of networking and bear in mind that automation programmes commonly wish every year maintain fees.
West Africa Theological Seminary Library
It is a truism that "the library is the nerve center of educational institutions" (Olanlokun and Salisu 1993, vii) and West Africa Theological Seminary Library is no exception. This library uses the second edition of the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules (Aacr2) and the twentieth edition of Dewey Decimal Classification (Ddc 20). The card catalog is divided, "a file of authors and titles kept in a particular alphabetical order and a file of branch cards in alphabetical order" (Newhall 1970, 38) and the filing ideas is letter by letter, a ideas in which "entries are filed without inspecting the spaces in the middle of words" (Nwosu 2000, 61). There is a book catalog, which contains the projects (undergraduate and graduate) submitted by students of the seminary and some members of staff who studied in other institutions.
In 2003 the library benefited from a subscription paid by Asbury Theological Seminary to use the Atla (American Theological Library Association) Database on Cd Rom. This is a wide tool designed to maintain religious study and faculty research. The library serves students, schoraly and administrative staff of the seminary and external users (academic staff and students from other theological institutions).
Other relevant information include:
Opening Hours:
A. During term: Mondays to Saturdays: 9:00 a.m. ? 10:30 p.m.
B. Holiday: Mondays to Fridays: 9:00 a.m. ? 9:00 p.m.
No Of Books: 36,500
No Of journal titles: 98
No. Of Video And Audio Cassettes: 114
Photocopying Machine: 1
The Book Catalog: Projects (both card and book catalog)
No. Of Reference Materials: 1,722
Library Staff
With the exclusion of the presenter, Wats library is presently manned by seventeen members of staff, nine of whom are trainee workers. These trainee workers mostly work in the evenings, manning the safety and circulation desks (although no external borrowing is done During this period). In addition, they clean they library.
Challenges
1. Training and recruiting pro librarians
Nine out of the seventeen members of staff are trainee workers who use this occasion to raise a necessary part of their fees and, in some cases, some extra funds to sound themselves as they pursue their theological studies. The presenter is unaware of any who has expressed interest in the library profession. Services rendered cannot be classed as professional. Unfortunately, only two of the regular members of staff have completed some form of library training at the senior supporting level. The implication is that the library is seriously in need of pro librarians otherwise it would continue to run sub-standard services. An irksome size is that in most cases, junior members of staff who are in the majority "are allowed to do pro duties in the absence of the right cadre who should do them" (Nwosu 2000, 103).
The card catalog for instance will be used to demonstrate the consequent the paucity or lack of pro librarians is having on the library collection.
The most common form of library catalog in West Africa is the card catalog and "there is need for (one) to know the compose of the ideas to be able to use it effectively" (Nwosu 2000, 57). A challenge for the library is to sound a consistent filing rule. Although Wats library operates the ideas known as the "letter-by-letter" or "all-through" method, there are evidences of the other method, that is the "word-by-word" or "nothing before something". The old is the common arrival to alphabetization, where B must all the time come before C. In the latter, the space in the middle of words is taken into inventory since the focus is on each word. When it gets to the turn of the word in the alphabetic sequence, all its company are carefully along.
Marrying the two methods of filing or alphabetization may cost one the information that is needed.
Another qoute is misapplication of the filing rules. The American Library connection Code (Rule 6) stipulates that "abbreviated words should be filed as if they were spelled out in full, with one exception, that is, the abbreviation Mrs. St. Is therefore filed as if it were spelled Saint, and Mc... As Mac" (Harrison and Beenham 1985, 82). The above rule is unfortunately misapplied in Wats library. If the rule is not taken into consideration, the word scan will be filed before St. When it should be the other way round. In the same manner, the Dr. (doctor) will also be filed before down and not the other way round.
A third issue in filing (Rule 5) states that initials should be filed before words. (However, acronyms are treated as words, for example Unicef, Unesco, Ecowas etc.) There are instances in the Wats catalog that this rule is not taken into consideration. A word like Aaron erroneously comes before A.G.M and A.L.A.
It is frightening that there is no clear room for upward mobility of library staff. In the absence of a pro scheme of assistance or promotion guidelines, members of staff have worked in one position since they received their appointment letters.
2. Computerizing the library
Some libraries in Nigeria have automatic their services. Examples include the compose of Tropical Agriculture Library at Ibadan and the Federal compose of industrial study Library, Oshodi, Lagos. Others, along with Wats Library, are on the verge of putting their automation plan into action.
Automation can benefit the Acquisition, Cataloging and Serial Departments in the following ways :
Acquisition : Automation can help in fund operate as well as in generation and dissemination of reports. List of items, along with the accession list can also be printed.
3. Acquisition
Acquisition is commonly defined as "the process of obtaining books and other documents for a library, documentation center or archive" (Prytherch 1986, 61). Incontrovertibly, it is "one of the most important functions of any library system" (Ali 1989, 66). Some means of acquisition of library materials include purchase, donation, exchange, Legal Deposit Legislation and membership of pro organizations. In most libraries in West Africa, it is observed that
acquisition rates are grossly inadequate to maintain both teaching and study even if judged by minimal standards accepted in industrialized countries. Attempts to alleviate the situation with assorted forms of aid though intrinsically meritorious offer itsybitsy hope for long term improvement (Allen 1993, 232).
Donated materials extensively stock West Africa Theological Seminary Library. Since beggars are not choosers, there is a necessary proportion of dated publications. There are many reading materials which are not even relevant to the general curriculum of the seminary. Weeding 'unwanted' stock is a big qoute to the library since there are no convenient replacements.
An often-overlooked means of acquisition is membership of pro associations. If the library continues to length itself from the pro register of library institutions, it will not be aware of current trends in the pro which will negatively reflect on the type and potential of services rendered.
4. Internet connectivity
The Wats supervision released a letter on 2nd January 2005 announcing a necessary discount (about 75%) of the internet assistance provided on campus. This was attributed to the discount in the bandwidth which made it impossible to maintain all the old work stations. A technological blow was dealt on the library cyber café since it fell prey to this decision. Students were advised to use the cyber café on the ground floor. The seminary supervision must maintain the library in its embryonic stage to judiciously embrace the new technology. On the other hand, the theological librarians have a very crucial role "to ensure that the resulting use of computers and telecommunication and any other accepted technology contributes in cost sufficient ways to the needs of scholarship and study since (they) have the expertise in acquiring materials in a collection of formats and make them accessible for a collection of purposes" (Simpson 1984, 38).
5. Online resources
An online reserved supply that was used at West Africa Theological Seminary (and which is very recommended for other theological libraries in Africa) is the American Theological Library connection (Atla) Religion Index, beneficial for accessing articles, reviews, essays, dissertations and monographs. The use of databases, which overlap branch fields, that is, interdisciplinary database searching, is an often over-looked aspect of online searching.Users of West Africa Theological Seminary Library do not have passage to an thinkable, whole of online resources because it is not subscribing to use these materials. An example of a very important online reserved supply is the Online Computer Library Centre (Oclc). This center, a bibliographic utility based in Dublin, Ohio is a global electronic information co-operative serving about 39,517 libraries in seventy-six countries. It runs an Online Union Catalog. There are approximately twenty eight million cataloguing records and the database (using Marc tapes and other online input data for users) provides reference services and interlibrary loan, qualifying it probably as the world's most wide database of bibliographic information that produces the First search ideas straight through which a library can subscribe to thousands of schoraly and pro titles from about seventy publishers ready electronically.
6. Functional photocopier
Although the library has a photocopier, the engine is frequently out of order. This second hand engine needs to be replaced to enable the library to realistically benefit from its services. The seminary supervision even took a decision recently to hand over photocopying services to a trainee who is presently running a good business.
7. Audio optical collection
Audio visuals are non-paper based information carriers. They have been introduced into the library straight through advances in technology. They are called audio-visuals because they wish auditory and optical appreciation. One of their chief advantages is storing a large whole of information in a small space. Audio visuals include audio tapes, microforms, filmstrips, charts, slides, video tapes, television etc. Some of these motion only to the sense of hearing (audios), some only to the sight (visuals) and others to both the auditory and optical senses (audio visuals). Although Wats library has received quite a few audio optical materials, there is need to purchase the necessary supporting equipments to make the audio optical collection a reality.
The seminary has been receiving some study tools in the form of Cd Roms for a necessary period. The library is yet to make these ready to users by installing them in a functional computer.
8. Bindery
It is true that "once any item is prime for the collection, the library promises to maintain it" (Goodrum and Dalrymple 1985, 65). The absence of a bindery collection within the library is adversely affecting the bodily health of books. It must be borne in mind that since a necessary part of library materials are donated, many are received in a very poor bodily condition.
The bindery could also be very instrumental in binding back issues of newspapers and journals to facilitate a relatively easier storage, retrieval and dissemination of information.
9. User instruction
A major infirmity of library custom is the failure to instruct users in the use of the library to the best advantage. From experience, "surveys have shown that public use of such tools as catalogues are minimal, largely because they have never been shown how they operate" (Jackaman 1989, 3). Many students in Wats go straight through the seminary without a reasonable grasp of basic library principles. This means that the one hour orientation conducted at the start of every semester is insufficient.
10. Serial collection
Various journals subscribed to by the library are selected, ordered and received, processed and shelved by this collection. It is enduringly checked to decide if there are any missing issues already due but have not been received in order to make such claims. This section also stocks newspaper. The relevance of such an invaluable collection in the library cannot be overemphasized. It is unfortunate that Wats library is not subscribing to journals and this explains why there are many sure gaps in periodical literature. The library is at the mercy of donors who commonly send journals at random.
Newspapers are directly purchased by the Wats supervision and these are subsequently sent to the library in most cases not on the day of purchase. This defeats the purpose of newspapers since they come late to the library. Providing modern information must be the primary concern for the library or information worker. Consequently, "currency should therefore be a requirement and not an option" (Wilson 1993, 636).
11. Heat in the library
The present heat in the library is detrimental to the books since humidity is a threat to their survival. If not sprayed periodically, fungi undoubtedly compose within the pages and damage the writing. Many researchers are unable to stay for a necessary duration naturally because of the discomfort caused by a very hot environment.
12. Internet searching
When the library cyber café was functioning, user statistics of users indicated that ninety percent of those who used the Internet did so to send mails and chat with friends. The remaining ten percent use it to escort study and achieve other functions. The insignificant percentage that uses it for study purposes heavily rely on Google. A trainee and a library staff opined that they adopt the 'google only' arrival because they are not aware of any other cite.
It is observed that "most users find (information) straight through subscription-free search engines such as Google" (Harding 2004). This over-reliance is a serious limitation. The effectiveness of Google is assessed thus:
A modern search on Google of 'Ancient Near East' resulted in over 150,000 results. While many of these are probably excellent sites, many more are probably not. The Etana site, interestingly, does not appear in the first one hundred listings. Thus, the researcher who would benefit from passage to Etana but who does not know of its existence will likely not stumble across it using Google (Limpitlaw 2003, p.5).
It is rather unfortunate that even lecturers are incredibly proliferating trust upon one web site (Google). The issue is that "if faculty researchers themselves are relying approximately exclusively upon Google, however, how many of them are likely to encourage students to improve their searches beyond Google, to at least examine the resources and materials their libraries maintain?" (Norlin 2004, 56). The library staff must be very instrumental in directing users to many other relevant sites and free online libraries, for instance Africa Digital Library in South Africa. Chronic study for the library staff must be encouraged to enable them to be abreast of technological changes. It is opined that "a victorious training schedule is also dependent on the commitment that top supervision shows for the training process" (Martey 2002, 14). An incontrovertible reality is that "librarians need to know how to passage and filter what is on the web" (Rosenberg 1997, 15). Among some suggestions to shake the obvious frost off the African church in its theological mission, Tienou (1990) proffers the improvement of theological libraries, and (by implication), the theological librarians who intersperse in the middle of the information and the user. The training of library staff and information professionals is very crucial in coping with the astronomically fast improvement that is obvious in the information age. It is rather unfortunate that the theological librarians have not commonly accompanied the introduction of Internet assistance at West Africa Theological Seminary Library with a accepted training on its use.
Indubitably, unless ... Librarians receive this staff training, there is a danger that the possible of this technology for sourcing and repackaging for information change will remain insufficiently exploited and that it will not become integrated with more primary print-based library services" (Asamoah 2003, 17).
13. Funding
It is incontrovertible that "every good collection is an expression of enough and sound financial backing, and no collection improvement can achieve this objective if it is financially handicapped" (Alemna 1994, 47). In their comment on the challenge in the field of librarianship, it is observed that "library funding will probably be the issue which consumes the vigor of library managers to the end of this century (and the next)" (Moore and Shander 1993, 19). Wats library must be realistically budgeted for if it is to continue to be the schoraly nerve center of the seminary.
The Way Forward
Like Ato Yawson in Ama Ata Aidoo's The Dilemma of a Ghost, the quiz, is, shall Wats library go to Cape Coast (representing the traditional) or Elmina (representing the modern')? In the field of librarianship, a realistic response lies "in preserving primary services and embracing the technological advances" (Harding 2002, 9).
The following are proffered for observation to sustain Wats library to face the sure challenges:
1. Professionally trained staff
The library profession is in crises. It is observed that "the need to find and maintain potential leadership for libraries is a core issue for the future" (Hisle 2002, 211). Library staff at Wats must be Professionally trained. Acquisition of relevant library qualifications cannot be overemphasized. Relevant training must include use of software applications. The contemporary theological librarian is standing on a crossroad and must sound a very beneficial balance in the middle of primary and contemporary study techniques to be relevant in this information age. Substandard services will continue to be provided if staff are employed just because they are Christians with itsybitsy emphasis on pro training. Theological librarians need the kind of training conducted by Actea (Accrediting Council for Theological study in Africa) East Africa Library Staff Training compose in Daystar University in Kenya in July 2004. Untrained librarians need courses in cataloguing and classification, supervision of the library and answering reference questions. Furthermore, they must receive training in searching the internet, using Boolean operators to consult full-text journals, accessing reference materials on Cd Roms, using Marc, and compiling lists of important websites and reference Cds.
Seminary, library, training, recruiting, librarians,
2. scheme of service
In order not to make a continued mockery of the library profession, it is recommended that the pro guidelines for the appointment and promotion of library staff at all levels be drafted and implemented. The seminary supervision could compare the scheme of assistance of some institutions in Nigeria and the sub-region as a guide to reasonably sound the standard.
Positions which should be taken into observation within the assorted categories include:
a. Junior staff
i. Messenger/cleaner
ii. Library attendant Iii
iii. Library attendant Ii
iv. Library attendant I
v. Library assistant I
vi. Library assistant Ii
vii. Library assistant Iii
b. Senior supporting staff
i. trainee Librarian/Senior Library Assistant Ii / Admin. Assistant Ii
ii. Senior Library Assistant I / Admin.
c. Senior staff
i. Library Officer
ii. Librarian Ii
iii. Librarian I
iv. Senior Librarian
v. Deputy Librarian
vi. Head Librarian
The criteria for scoring senior library staff should be taken into consideration. Some of these areas include :
Academic and pro qualifications
Professional/working experience
Professional activities
Research and publications
Administrative experience
3. Revamping of internet services in the library
The library cyber café must be resurrected if the library is to be relevant in this technological age. The library staff should receive training that will enable them to creditably handle databases in their library.
4. User instruction
The library should be more proactive in user study strategies. More current awareness or selective dissemination of information should be done to attract students and staff. A procedure on the use of the library could be introduced as a compulsory branch for all categories of students. It is obvious even in West Africa Theological Seminary that "librarians can no longer assume the same level of interest in and maintain for the library from a faculty that increasingly rely upon their own search strategies and abilities in an electronic world they can passage from their offices" (Norlin 2004, 56). Theological librarians need to be carefully attuned to the concerns of the students and faculty. If librarians at Wats extraction professionalism in identifying the qoute of the researcher, searching for specific pieces of information efficiently and expeditiously and transmits the consequent of the search by any convenient means to both faculty and trainee users (telephone, email, personal call, short letter to mention a few), the interest in the library as information intermediary would gently be revamped.
The library of West Africa Theological Seminary should spend some weeks gift "faculty only" and "students only" training sessions on the use of American Theological Library connection database (after paying the current subscription). An incontrovertible fact is that "unless theological librarians consciously view the faculty (and students) as the primary target for (their) activities, (they) would become irrelevant to...students, faculty, administrators and institutions" (Norlin 2004, 55).
5. The role of the seminary administration
Management at Wats must recognize that the library is not an elective extra and that the impending doctoral programme in the seminary will only become a reality when the library attains a particular pro standard. Seminary authorities must maintain its improve by developing existing collections (for instance, subscribing to scholarly journals for the serials collection) and by assisting in the setting up of a vibrant Digital Library collection which should be manned by a pro librarian. Providing server upgrades and disk warehouse space must be seriously considered. There should be regular in-service training to sustain library staff gain relevant skills in information technology.
The issue of funding cannot be overemphasized. The Wats Library can only be relevant in this information age if the seminary supervision would recognize "the centrality of its schoraly nerve centre (the library) and ensure the sustainability of the library programmes and services" (Harding 2002, 9). Introduction of user charges, more fund raising activities in the library (such as book sales), growth in the maintain from donor agencies could yield an growth in wage needed to purchase and sound necessary equipment.
When the library is adequately funded, it will be in a position to subscribe to relevant journal titles, purchase accepted theological texts, build a vibrant audio optical collection, furnish air conditioning facilities to operate the heat, replace the photocopier and furnish other necessary services as and when necessary.
Professionally trained staff, scheme of service, revamping of internet services in the Computerize, cataloging, acquisition, internet, user instruction, audio visual, serial, bindery, funding, scheme of service,
6. Membership of pro organizations
Wats library should enroll as an institutional member of pro library associations such as Nigeria Theological Library Association, Christian Librarians' connection for Africa, American Theological Library connection and Christian Librarians' Fellowship. (The presenter is a member of all but the former). It was straight through the American Theological Library connection that the author was informed that the twenty second edition of the Dewey Decimal Library (Ddc) classification has been published. (Wats is using the twentieth edition). The Ddc numbers include all headings newly mapped to the 200 Religion Schedule, as well as others carefully to be of interest to theological libraries.
Below is an illustration:
Subject heading Call number
All Souls' Day in art 704.9493943
Islamic modernism 297.09
Nymphs (Greek deities) in art 704.9489221
Open-air preaching 206.1, 251
Social capital (Sociology) ? Religious aspects 201.7
Venus (Roman deity ) in art 704.9489221
(Osmanski 2003, 2-1)
7. Computerization
Conclusion
It is indubitable that the role of the library as information intermediary would never change. However, the means to fulfill this invaluable role keeps changing and the library must adapt to sound its relevance. Wats library is a unit of a self-supporting custom with some challenges. primary library practices must be fully industrialized and the best of contemporary technology must be embraced. This high price must be paid as the library journeys to 'Cape Coast'. The seminary librarians have a major challenge to move from being mere keepers of the book to guides straight through a universe of knowledge, thereby playing an invaluable role as information intermediary (Kargbo 2002). Since the mission of the library to facilitate the free flow of information endures even in the midst of technological changes, the librarians in all types of libraries, along with Wats, "must find a very beneficial balance in the middle of the conventional/traditional library functions and the methods of the new challenges in order to sound their leadership role in (the) information age" (Harding 2002, 10). Librarians in West Africa Theological Seminary could only be relevant in this age if they gear up to possess the necessary skills to enable users to creditably use materials for reading, study and consultation in anything format they might appear. This cannot be realized without the invaluable maintain of the seminary administration. With this realization, "the students will be taught the art of electronic information retrieval, which they can use to write their scheme work and thesis" (Asamoah 2003, 17).
Works Cited
Alie, S.N. 1989. Acquisition of scientific literature in developing countries : Arab Gulf countries.
Information improvement 5:2 :108-14.
Allen, C.G. 1993. Resources, acquisitions and the viability in libraries in
developing countries Libri 43:3 : 234-244.
Asamoah, Edwin. 2003. Re-orientating Ghanaian university librarians to
provide non-traditional services : Some suggestions for achievement.
Scaulwa Newsletter. 4:1: 14-18.
Goodrum, C.A. & H.W. Dalrymple. 1985. Guide to the Library of Congress.
Washington : Library of Congress.
Harding, Oliver. 2002. The African university librarian in the information age.
Scaulwa Newsletter 3:2 (Jun): 8-11.
2004. Suffering as a source of relax to others : an
exegetical study of Ii Corinthians 1:3-7, M.A. Thesis proposal, West Africa Theological Seminary,
Lagos.
Harrison, Colin and Rosemary Beenham. 1985. The basics of librarianship. 2nd
ed. London : Clive Bingley.
Hisle, W. Lee. 2002. Top issues facing schoraly libraries : a report of the focus on the time to come task
force. C&Rl News 63:10 (November) :
Jackaman, Peter. 1989. Basic reference and information work. 2nd ed. Cambs :
Elm Publications.
Kargbo, John Abdul. 2002. The internet in schools and colleges in Sierra
Leone: prospects and challenges", ready :
http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue73/kargbo/index.html. (Accessed 2004, August 10).
Limpitlaw, Amy. 2003. The supervision of web resources in religion and
theology", Theology Cataloguing Bulletin 12: 1 : 3-5.
Martey, A.K. 2002. Training Ghanaian schoraly librarians to use the Internet",
Scaulwa Newsletter 3: 2 : 11-25.
Moore, D. & D.E. Shander. 1993. Towards 2001 : an exam of the present
and time to come roles of libraries in relation to economic and public trend.
Journal of Library supervision 19:2 : 75-88.
Newhall, Jannette E. (1970), A theological library manual. London : The
Theological study Fund.
Norlin, Dennis A. 2004. Atla Staff News : Serving Atla Members and
Customers. American Theological Library connection Newsletter 51: 3 : 55-56.
Nwosu, Chidi. 2000. A textbook in use of the library for higher education.
Owerri : Springfield Publishers.
Olanlokun, S. Olajire and Taofiq M. Salisu. 1993. Comprehension the library : A handbook on library
use. Lagos : University of Lagos Press.
Osmanski, Paul. 2003. Library of Congress branch headings/Ddc numbers of
Current interest. Theology Cataloguing Bulletin 12:1 (November) : 2-1.
Prytherch, R. 1986. Harrod's librarians glossary of terms used in librarianship, documentation and
the book craft and reference book. Aldershot : Gower Publishing enterprise Ltd.
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African Institute.
Simpson, D. 1984. Advancing technology : the secondary impact on libraries
and users. Ifla Journal 10: 1: 43-48.
Tienou, Tite. (1990), The theological task of the church in Africa. 2nd ed.
Achimota : Africa Christian Press.
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Theological Seminary.
Wilson, P. 1993. The value of currency Library Trends 41(4) : 632-643.
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Hello everybody. Yesterday, I discovered Homeschool Legal Defense Aid - Chimpanzees - Towards Human and connected Protections. Which may be very helpful in my experience therefore you. Chimpanzees - Towards Human and connected ProtectionsAs scientists amass data, chimpanzees are lively closer towards human. They are sentient, self-aware beings with strong cognitive skills and a proven potential to communicate, reason, express emotions, adapt, and even manipulate and deceive. With genetic material 98.5% identical to that of humans, chimpanzees are more similar to citizen than gorillas. Consequently, serious ethical implications exist about chimpanzee captivity and use in laboratory experiments. Below is a close exam of chimpanzees:
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Chimpanzees live in areas comprising 21 African countries that encompass grasslands, dry savannah and rainforests. They often live in communities that range from 20-100 members. Two species of chimpanzee exist - the common chimpanzee (which has four subspecies) and the Bonobo (also known as the "pygmy chimpanzee") The old subsists on a diet of fruit and meat, the latter solely on fruit. Their mean life span ranges from 40-50 years. Chimpanzees are currently listed as endangered primarily due to deforestation and poaching.
I. Brain Size/Structure/Nervous System:
Chimpanzees have a brain and nervous principles comparable to that of a human. They learn highly quickly, possess the potential to yield creative responses, express emotions (through sounds, gestures and facial expressions), sway their surroundings, and share the same qualitative touch in pain despite a cerebral cortex that is about 1/3 the size of that in humans.
The mean chimpanzee brain weighs 437 g versus 1.3 kg for the mean human. When comparing brain size to body size - the Encephalization Quotient (Eq), the mean chimpanzee brain registers about 2.49 (third to the 7.44 and 5.31 Eq of the mean human and dolphin; the Rhesus Monkey comes in fourth at 2.09). This indicates a high-level of cognitive ability.
Both humans and chimpanzees engage in the same sleep patterns. This includes the stages of rapid-eye movement (Rem) sleep, indicating both are likely capable of dreaming.
Ii. Collective Setting:
Chimpanzees are exceptionally social, consistent with humans, other great apes, dolphins and other creatures displaying high levels of intelligence.
They spend equal amounts of time on land and in trees (where they build nests to sleep, though some chimpanzees in the Fongoli savannah in southeast Senegal spend time in caves) and move from territory to territory foraging for food. Although a typical society can estimate up to 100, chimpanzees often spend time in smaller parties; mothers and their dependent children, though refuse to separate. Each chimpanzee house (to which individuals have strong bonds) is headed by an alpha or dominant male (bonobos, though are led by females) that leads them in hunting, territorial protection, and war. Each society is hierarchical in nature where power and intelligence bring added respect. Females are the only gender that move freely between communities.
Chimpanzees enjoy prefer sharing rewards with a companion. A study by Alicia Melis at the Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda documented in Altruism 'in-built' in humans by Helen Briggs (Bbc News, 3 March 2006) found that chimpanzees recognize and value the point of collaboration. When such collaboration was principal in an experiment that required the simultaneous pulling of two ends of a rope to gain a tray of food, chimpanzees consistently premium the optimal partner, which in Melis' words "was a level of understanding [only seen in] humans."
Within their communities, chimpanzees say intricate Collective networks where touching, grooming (which creates calm and strengthens friendships), and embracing are prominent aspects in preserving cohesiveness. Play is also an prominent part of a chimpanzee's life, especially among males when they are young.
Chimpanzees are among the few species that teach their young skills and culture (which is transferred between communities by females relocating between groups). Young chimpanzees between 6 and 8 years of age (primarily taught by their mothers) spend much of their time studying the Collective skills, community's culture, and tool making through observation, imitation, and repetitious practice. At the same time, though, studies per recent studies interpret which traits humans and apes have in common - and which they don't (Anne Casselman, Smithsonian.com, 11 October 2007) indicate "human children have much more sophisticated skills... Dealing with imitating another's clarification to a problem, communicating non-verbally and reading the intentions [of] others."
The typical chimpanzee reproduction lasts 8 months. Young chimpanzees are weaned from their mothers by three years of age, and reach puberty threes years later. For chimpanzees, puberty lasts three years.
When it comes to medicine of their dead, chimpanzees often pay frequent visits to view and grieve over the deceased's body. Afterwards, they cover it with leaves and branches before lively on.
Iii. Multi-modal Sensory Perception:
Chimpanzees and humans apply five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch) to realize the world colse to them. Sight and smell, two principal senses utilized by chimpanzees are discussed below.
The morphological and anatomical structure of a chimpanzee's eye is similar to that of humans. Likewise their foresight is also similar. As a result, unlike most non-primate mammals that are dicromats (their color foresight is based on two colors), primates (including chimpanzees and humans), are trichromatic. When their retinal nerves capture light, their brain utilizes three fixed wavelengths/colors to create a rich, colored environment. As a consequence for their similar morphological and anatomical eye structure and visual processing, chimpanzees can suffer from some of the same impairments as humans (e.g. Lucky, a male chimpanzee in Japan suffers from color blindness).
Chimpanzees have an excellent sense of smell, which plays a principal role in their Collective interactions. Aside from facial recognition, chimpanzees use smell to recognize each other and enhance their understanding of another's mood since each emits a distinctive odor based on pheromones that can be found in their feces, urine, and glandular secretions.
Aside from sight and smell, chimpanzees also rely on hearing (utilizing a similar auditory range as humans), and to a lesser extent, touch and taste. It should be noted that chimpanzees, like humans, if given a choice, prefer sweets.
Iv. Shape Recognition:
Studies have shown chimpanzees, like humans are "more sensitive to concave deformation (important for constructing three-dimensional objects) than convex deformation." They also view shapes and mentally process two-dimensional objects in the same manner as humans.[1]
Based on this similarity and the similar structure of their eye and visual processing abilities, it is likely chimpanzees can match uncomplicated and complex shapes. More research, though, needs to be done in this area.
V. Mirror Self Recognition (Msr):
The potential to possess sentience/self-awareness (to think about oneself in the corporeal and thinking realms) illustrates a complex level of abstract thinking that uncommon among animals. Chimpanzees possess this self-awareness and are capable of symbolic thought.
Studies have shown chimpanzees can recognize themselves in a mirror and are aware of their own behavior and body. During Msr tests, chimpanzees showed they possess selective attention (they can pay attention to themselves in a mirror, aware they are viewing themselves instead of other animal). When chimpanzees were marked with non-toxic odorless red dye on one eyebrow and the opposite ear, they went to a mirror and determined examined the markings on their bodies. Scientific evidence also indicates that chimpanzees and other great apes possess to some degree, "theory of other minds," in which they recognize individuals have their own beliefs. It is also highly probable that chimpanzees like dolphins and humans, can perceive the discrepancy between reality and television.
Vi. Language/Communication and Emotions:
Although chimpanzees lack the vocal cords, potential to talk and make a sound for every object as humans, they narrate through sounds (e.g. Barking, hooting, screaming, etc.), facial expressions (which want allinclusive attention to detail or viewing more than one aspect of a facial expression so that subtleties of meaning, which are not all the time obvious, are interpreted correctly), posturing, and gestures (with hands, feet, and limbs). Although the majority of chimpanzee sounds are linked to a exact emotion, some can be linked with more than one emotion. In addition, each chimpanzee, for identification reasons, has its own determined calls consistent with humans and dolphins having their own determined voices and sounds, respectively.
Chimpanzees apply intentional transportation to meet individual and group needs and to transport their feelings, which are an principal part of their Collective behavior. determined transportation behaviors are passed down through generations.
A brief summary of any chimpanzee emotions and their linked sounds is listed below:
1. Anger: Waa (bark)
2. Distress: Hoo
3. Enjoyment of body contact: Lip smack
4. Enjoyment of food: Aah
5. Enjoyment/Excitement: Pant (hoot)
6. Fear: Wraa or Pant (bark)
7. Hostility: Screaming
A brief summary of chimpanzee emotions and their linked facial expressions is also listed below:
1. Aggression: Display of teeth in a wide open mouth with erect facial hairs
2. Fear/Distress: Display of teeth with lips pulled back horizontally
3. Intense Fear: Full open grin
4. Playful: Slightly open mouth in a relaxed position
5. Pouting/Begging: Puckered lips as if contribution a kiss
6. Submission: Horizontal puckered lips
Chimpanzees narrate about "what," "where," and "who" but the past or the future. Their transportation is instantaneous based on the present. However, per Deborah Fouts, co-director of the Chimpanzee and Human transportation produce reported by Brandon Keim, Chimps: Not Human, But Are They People? (Wired Science, 14 October 2008), "They do remember the past [and can] understand the understanding that something will happen later."
Chimpanzees are also capable of understanding American Sign Language (Asl) gestures, and can learn associations between symbols, sounds, and objects without exact reinforcement or direct intervention. In the early 1970s, Washoe, a female chimpanzee followed by four other chimpanzees learned 100+ signs. Presently, Washoe can use up to 240 signs and even taught her adopted son Asl without human intervention.
Another female chimpanzee, Lucy, even recognized that word order makes a discrepancy when her trainer signed to tickle him, instead following her ask to tickle her. However, it is unlikely that chimpanzees can conceptualize virtual reality from sounds and symbols as citizen do.
However, per Valerie A. Kuhlmeier and Sarah T. Boysen, Chimpanzees recognize Spatial and Object Correspondences between a Scale Model and Its Referent (Psychological Science, Vol. 13, Issue 1, 19 March 2002), chimpanzees like young children, "are sensitive to both object and spatial-relational correspondences between a model and its referent (a man or thing to which a linguistic expression (e.g. Word, symbol) refers)."
Facial recognition is other prominent part of communication. Consistent with humans, chimpanzees exhibit species-specific face recognition, more easily discriminating between chimpanzee faces than those of other species. However, chimpanzee infants that receive principal exposure to human faces are best at discriminating between human faces. Per Julie Martin-Malivel and Kazunori Okada in Human and chimpanzee face recognition in chimpanzees: Role of exposure and impact on categorical perception (Psycnet, American Psychological Association, December 2007) "exposure is a principal determinant in conspecific and nonconspecific face recognition. Furthermore, per development of face recognition in baby chimpanzees (Masako Myowa-Yamakoshi, et. Al. Science Direct. 20 December 2005) chimpanzee babies, consistent with human newborns, prefer to study facial patterns over non-facial patterns as they produce During their earliest days.
Chimpanzees are ordinarily affectionate creatures that show emotions towards their own as well as other species. They show concern for ill or injured members, mourn the deceased (to the point that a salutary young male died of a broken heart a few weeks after the death of his mother), show excitement and joy when playing, as well as fear and concern. Consistent with humans, chimpanzees possess emotions that last for a short period and moods that can last for longer durations. Furthermore, studies show baby chimpanzees have the same emotional range as human babies, but best self-control when it comes to uncontrollable crying. The only human emotion chimpanzees do not appear to possess is spite.
Vii. Memory:
Chimpanzees have excellent memory systems. They can memorize faces, symbols and numbers, and learn exact behaviors that can corollary in whether adverse or rewarding experiences.
Consistent with humans, chimpanzees reserve a best memory of events that elicit emotions than those, which are neutral.
Chimpanzees also possess exceptional spatial memory, which per Chimps mentally map fruit trees (Matt Walker, Bbc News, 6 August 2009) enables them to remember the exact location of "a singular tree among more than 12,000 others within a patch of forest." Per Forest chimpanzees remember the location of numerous fruit trees (Emmanuelle Normant, Simone Dagui Ban, and Christophe Boesch, Animal Cognition, 31 May 2009) such spatial memory "allows [chimpanzees] to remember the location of numerous resources and use this data to go for the most lively resources."
In addition, chimpanzees can also make plans (debunking earlier thoughts that only humans are capable such future planning). Since 1997, Santino, a male chimp at a zoo north of Stockholm, Sweden, while calm, has repeatedly created arsenals of stones to throw at spectators for a future "dominance display." More impressively, he even figured out how to detect and break off weak pieces of concrete in his enclosure to add to his cache.
Viii. Tools and qoute Solving:
Chimpanzees and other great apes are productive users of crude tools (e.g Fongoli savannah chimpanzees use spears to hunt and kill bushbabies (a nocturnal primate), Congo chimpanzees use a toolkit comprised of thin "brush-tipped" sticks and leaf blades to "fish" for termites, and large clubs to break open bee hives to attain honey, Nimba Mountain (Guinea) chimpanzees use wooden cleavers, stabilizing wedges and stone anvils to crack open and chop up Treculia fruits; all apply crumpled leaves as sponges to soak drinking water from tree hollows). In fact they have been using tools for more than 4300 years based on a discovery of stone tools (similar in size and size to tools used by today's chimpanzees) utilized to smash nuts (linked to species eaten by contemporary chimpanzees) in Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. Furthermore, ill or injured chimpanzees often rely on corrective or herbal plants as a remedy for curative and/or to alleviate their pain and suffering.
Analogous with tool use, chimpanzees can also infer and solve problems. through the use of abstract reasoning, they, like humans can solve problems without training (e.g. Retrieve bananas that are out of reach through purposeful logic).
When it comes to mathematics, specifically remembering numbers, young chimpanzees have outperformed college students (when the numbers stayed on a screen for.4 of a second versus.7 of second when both performed comparably) and a British memory champion, Ben Pridmore. Based on I'm the champion! Ape trounces the best of the human world in memory competition (Fiona Macrae, Mail Online, 26 January 2008), Amyumu, a 7 year-old male chimpanzee in Japan performed three times as well as Pridmore when it came to remembering the positions of numbers on a computer screen.
Ix. Art and Culture:
When given the allowable tools (e.g. Paint, paint brushes, and canvas) chimpanzees possess the talent to be exceptional artists whose abstract paintings rival some of the masters. Congo (1954-1964), a male chimpanzee painted over 400 abstracts from the age of 2 to 4 years, after picking up a pencil and drawing a line without human prodding. During a 2005 auction, three of Congo's paintings went for £14,400 while a painting by Andy Warhol (1928-1987) and a small model by French scholar Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) generated insufficient interest and were withdrawn.[2] Since Congo, other chimpanzees have followed, producing equally impressive works (e.g. A female chimpanzee, Melody, creates paintings that sell for between 00 for individuals and 00 for triptychs and a preponderant three year-old female chimpanzee, Asuka, has already created 90 paintings, some of which have been exhibited in Tokyo galleries).
Chimpanzees have an innate potential to perceive and enjoy music. Based on scientific studies lively baby chimpanzees (reported by the Bbc on July 30, 2009), they, like humans, prefer consonant over dissonant music. Furthermore, when music was played to lift the spirits of chimpanzees at Mysore zoo in southern India, one who had previously performed at a circus, was observed dancing.
Chimpanzees also have preferences for television. Per Kate Baker, enrichment coordinator at the Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Atlanta, Ga, as recounted in Unneeded Lab Chimps Face Hazy future (David Berreby, The New York Times, 4 February 1997), they enjoy National Geographic shows, programs about chimpanzees and the use of tools, and shows featuring citizen arguing.
X. Altruism/Morality:
Chimpanzees and other great apes possess a sense of morality and fairness, despite acts of barbarism During combat. Per Monkeys and apes know right from wrong, scientists say (Daily Mail Reporter, 15 February 2009) they "offer selfless help and empathize with fellow animals in times of issue [and] even appear to have consciences and the potential to feel a sense of obligation." Consistent with this empathy and selflessness, female chimpanzees mirror human behavior, playing an integral role to mediate conflicts; if two male combatants cannot determine their differences, the females often step in and remove rocks from their hands - likely to strengthen their society since group and discord bring frailness and vulnerability.
Per Emory University, Atlanta, Ga studies, chimpanzees also expect equal rewards for performing the same tasks (they sulked and refused to partake any additional when others received greater rewards), indicative of a sense of justice and fairness. Furthermore, they were often willing to aid others (including humans) even when there was no reward.
When a chimpanzee deviates from the community's Collective code of guide it is punished collectively by the group (as descriptive by a group of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo in the Netherlands that punished chimpanzees that showed up late for evening meal since none ate until all were present).
In addition, similar to humans, chimpanzees remember who did them favors (e.g. Groomed them) and who did them wrong. They are more likely to share food with the former. At the same time, chimpanzees possess the potential to forgive as described in a passage in Frans de Waal's book, Peacemaking among Primates (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Ma, 1990) - "Nikki, the leader of the group, has slapped Hennie During a passing charge. Hennie, a young adult female of nine years, sits apart for a while feeling with her hand the spot on the back of the neck where Nikkie hit her. Then she seems to forget about the incident; she lies down in the grass, staring in the distance. More than 15 minutes later, Hennie gently gets up and walks level to a group that includes Nikkie... [and] approaches Nikkie with a series of soft pant grunts. Then she stretches out her arm to offer Nikkie the back of her hand for a kiss. Nikkie's hand-kiss consists of taking Hennie's whole hand rather unceremoniously into his mouth. This touch is followed by a mouth-to-mouth kiss."
Furthermore, chimpanzees also have the potential to achieve altruistic acts even if most are miniature to cases where other actively seeks help. Examples are as follows:
1. When Knuckles who was born in 1999 with cerebral palsy, a debilitating health (that afflicts 5,000-10,000 babies per year in the United States) that impairs mobility (prior to therapy, he would sit in place and only eat when fed), was introduced to other chimpanzees housed at the town for Great Apes, Wauchula, Fl, a sanctuary for orangutans and chimpanzees, they were cognizant of his condition. They consistently treated him with kindness and gentleness (e.g. Spending time sitting with him, playing with him, and grooming him).
2. Per Scientist Finds the Beginnings of Morality in Primate Behavior by Nicholas Wade (The New York Times, 20 March 2007), "Chimpanzees, who cannot swim, have drowned in zoo moats trying to save others," and often "console the loser" after a fight between two combatants.
3. A study by Felix Warneken and his colleagues at the Max Planck produce for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany published in the June 27, 2007 issue of New Scientist (Chimps may display genuine altruism by Nora Schultz) found that 67% of semi-wild chimpanzees altruistically assisted an unfamiliar human who had been struggling to reach a stick even though they had to climb a 2½-meter rope with no reward. In addition, other group of chimpanzees, taught to unpeg a chain and open a door, consistently did so for chimpanzees whom they were unfamiliar with, when they attempted to open the door without success.
4. A study by Japanese researchers at Kyoto University's Primate investigate produce (Kyoto, Japan) published in National Geographic (Chimps Display Humanlike Good Will, 19 October 2009) found that chimpanzees trained to use sticks to retrieve straws (to drink juice) that were out of reach, utilized their training to aid others that had not been trained 75% of the time when these chimpanzees, whom they were unfamiliar with, appeared to ask assistance.
Xi. Warfare:
Consistent with human behavior, chimpanzees (with the irregularity of bonobos) are fiercely territorial and may engage in war albeit primitive combat analogous to prehistoric man. Even though chimpanzees use rocks or their hands and feet in raw combat, the day of using spears and other crude weapons may not be far behind. At isolated times, chimpanzees have also displayed the same tendencies as humans for hate, rape, torture, mutilation, and genocide (documented in two certified cases).
The longest Chimpanzee war - the Gombe War (1974-1977), which originated when the Kasekela society split into two groups (with the new group, the Kahama community, lively into a new valley in 1972) and ended in genocide was documented by Jane Goodall in The Chimpanzees of Gombe (Belknap Press, 1986). Beginning in 1974, the Kasekela males formed a group and developed into Kahama territory. Once there, they initiated violent aggression against the Kahama chimpanzees with the intent to kill since corporeal assaults did not cease until their victims were completely incapacitated and mortally injured. During the attacks that lasted into 1977, the Kasekela males displayed "considerable excitement and enjoyment" as they thinkable, capturing and actively killed their victims (who were mutilated and cannibalistically eaten or partially eaten). The Gombe War only ended when the Kahama society was completely exterminated and their lands taken over by the Kasekela community.
Per Wired for war? (World Science, February 2005), in August 1998 "researchers in Uganda [observed] a group of male chimpanzees beating on and swaggering colse to other male chimp's freshly killed body. Its windpipe, fingernails, [toenails] and testicles were torn out." Per Apes of war... Is it in our genes? the dead chimpanzee "was [also] covered with 30 or 40 puncture wounds and lacerations [with its] ribs sticking up out of the rib cage." Based on the deceased's injuries, it "was clear that some of the males had held him down, while the others attacked."
Generally when chimpanzees engage in war, a group of males sneak into the territory of other society and seek isolated males or older females (and sometimes their young) to attack. Consistent with human hunter-gatherer societies (of which war is endemic with 64% lively in fighting every two years per Apes of war... Is it in our genes?) chimpanzees often fight over resources such as food and females - often exploiting and plundering captured territory. Ironically, human activities such as logging, as reported in the May 13, 1997 edition of The New York Times are also contributing to chimpanzee wars as their habitats are taken away forcing communities to retreat into the territory of other communities.
Xii. Lab investigate and Ethical Implications:
With conclusive proof that chimpanzees and other great apes are sentient beings (which enhance adaptability and survival) possessing human traits (e.g. Emotions such as stress and fear), similar nervous systems (that enable them to touch the same qualitative pain and suffering), and greater than 90% identical genetic code, ethical factors dictate that lab research, which forcibly utilizes them as unconsenting test subjects be banned, especially since such experiments have yielded few, if any tangible benefits.
A narrate of 749 published experiments lively chimpanzees over a ten year period from 1995-2004 as stated in Chimpanzee experiments: Questionable contributions to biomedical strengthen by Andrew Knight (Aatex, 6th World Congress on Alternatives & Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, 21-25 August 2007) found that only 14.7% of such experiments utilized "well developed methods for combating human diseases" and most notably, "no chimpanzee study made an principal contribution, or in most cases, a principal contribution of any kind."
Per Non-Human Primates in curative Research: Sensible or Dispensible by Jarrod Bailey, Ph.D. (September 2006), "every area of [non-human primate (Nph)] investigate provides evidence against its utility" based on the below scientific evidence:
1. Nhps do not produce Aids when infected with Hiv; experimental results cannot be confidently extrapolated to humans [and] none of Nhp-tested vaccines succeeded in humans [despite billions of dollars in expenses].
2. Nhp experiments have failed to contribute to [understand] the Hepatitis (Hpv) infection, [create vaccines], and understand hepatocellular damage.
3. Nhp models have failed to post us of Alzheimer's disease analysis [since they do not get Alzheimer's].
4. Basic differences in the symptoms and analysis of Parkinson's Disease exist between humans and Nhps.
5. Of almost 150 drugs for strokes found prosperous in animals (often Nhps), none have been prosperous in humans.
6. Hormone replacement therapy found productive against heart disease and strokes in Nhps increased the risk in humans.
7. principal differences exist in viral infection and disease between humans and Nhps.
8. Genetic expression when it comes to disease (e.g. 20 out of 333 genes concerned in human cancer are distinct in Nhps) is too distinct with commonality found in only 20% of proteins between humans and Nhps.
Although investigate on chimpanzees and other great apes is banned in many countries, it is still carried out in the United States, despite protections under the Chimpanzee health Improvement, Maintenance and safety Act.
Perhaps the most compelling seminar for banning the use of chimpanzees as test subjects in laboratories is a study that found that surviving lab chimpanzees suffered from similar levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (Ptsd) (which can be long-lasting and whose symptoms consist of but are not miniature to anger, fear, depression, anxiety, etc.) as human torture victims. Lab confined chimpanzees (often held in caged, isolated, unpredictable environments over which they have no control) have engaged in self-mutilation due to the severe corporeal and thinking distress they are forced to endure. Per Undercover Investigation Reveals Cruelty to Chimps at investigate Lab (The Humane society of the United States, 4 March 2009), "infant monkeys scream as they are forcibly removed from their mothers... Chimpanzees exhibit intense fear... When forced to move toward [a needle] in their squeeze cages [and one chimpanzee, Siafu even] attempted to plead with staff [using] crude begging gestures."
When the British Government banned the use of chimpanzees for investigate in 1986, recounted by Steve Connor, Science Editor for The Independent in Shut chimpanzee investigate center, say scientists (27 March 2001), it was cited as "a matter of morality. The cognitive and behavioural [sic] characteristics and qualities of these animals mean it is unethical to treat them as expendable for research." Not surprisingly, the European Union is lively towards banning the use of chimpanzees in labs.
Per Connor, "the development of new techniques in genetic engineering, which has allowed many 'models' of human diseases to be created using [genetically-manipulated] rats and mice, has undermined the case of using chimps in curative research" as has the high cost in terms of dollars, pain and suffering, and ethics.
Xiii. Legal Precedents towards Species-Practical Human Rights:
As calls for banning chimpanzee investigate broaden, governments and courts are also establishing legal precedents to recognize their extra status primarily because of their self-awareness and potential to think about oneself in the corporeal and thinking realms, which interpret a complex level of abstract thinking found most notably in humans.
In 1986, Britain became the first country to ban experimentation on chimpanzees and other great apes. New Zealand's parliament followed in 1999 with the Netherlands and Australia doing likewise in 2002 and 2003, respectively.
In September 2005, a Bahia, Brazil court presided by Judge Edmundo Lúcio da Cruz granted Habeas Corpus safety to a 23 year-old chimpanzee, Suiça so that she could be transferred from confinement in a zoo's cage with miniature intellectual stimulation to a sanctuary where she could enjoy a Collective life (with 35 other chimpanzees), the possibility of raising a family, and open spaces. In doing so, Suiça, who never made it to the sanctuary, having died unexpectedly, became the first animal recognized as a legal subject.
In June 2008, Spain's parliament passed a precedent-setting resolution granting human ownership to chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans stating that these non-human hominids should enjoy the right to life, free time and that their corporeal integrity be protected against torture.
In December 2009 as reported by University World News (20 December 2009), "a ban on using great apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orang-utans for scientific testing [was] broadly accepted" by the European Parliament and Eu Council of Ministers subject to minor changes in text for final approval.
Xiv. Conclusion:
Based on the marvelous cognitive abilities of chimpanzees, the fact that they exceptionally close to human and drawing nearer as scientific evidence mounts, it is principal that they and other sentient creatures (e.g. Great apes, dolphins) be afforded protections to recognize their extra status - namely that captivity is only used to conserve the species. When such captivity is necessary, it is imperative that they be given the respect and intellectual stimulation they deserve, their individuality is honored, and most importantly, laws be enacted to prohibit their use as unconsenting guinea pigs subjected to unnecessary torture, pain, and suffering.
_______
[1] T. Matsuno and M. Tomonaga. An advantage for concavities in shape perception by chimpanzees. (Primate investigate Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 3 March 2007).
[2] Chimpanzees as Artists. Artists Ezine. 29 December 2009. Http://www.artistsezine.com/WhyChimp.htm
Additional Reference:
Chimpanzees. Global operation Network. (Montreal, Canada. 2005). 26 December 2009. Http://www.gan.ca/animals/chimpanzees.en.html
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Consider your allocation and either it's feasible to choose definite studying materials. You'll want to learn all you can with regard to curriculum materials suitable for your child and ensure that they will meet your needs.Choose materials that complement both you and your child. There are different teaching methods and studying pathways, especially when it comes to those with studying disabilities. Generally, special needs children wish clear instructions with well-structured lessons and repetition. Take advantage of technological resources, real life "teachable moments," and hands-on activities.
Finally, relax. If you can't relax, neither can your child. There's no "one size fits all" style of teaching, and you're safe bet to make changes along the way. The end succeed will inevitably be a happier, more well-rounded child that can adapt to his/her studying disability within the homeschool environment.
If you have a child with studying disabilities, or just one who struggles with reading or writing, you may want to look into Verticy studying as a way to help your child heighten these skills. Verticy is a joint studying initiative of Calvert School and Jemicy School, and specializes in home-based curriculum for struggling readers. You can learn more about Verticy studying at http://www.verticylearning.org/
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Homeschool Coop - Homeschool Your Child For Success By Homeschooling Them
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Field Trip to Fossil Rim 11-4-2011
Homeschool Coop - Field Trip to Fossil Rim 11-4-2011
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Free Homeschooling Materials for Preschoolers and Kindergarten Level
Abeka - Free Homeschooling Materials for Preschoolers and Kindergarten Level
Hello everybody. Now, I found out about Abeka - Free Homeschooling Materials for Preschoolers and Kindergarten Level. Which could be very helpful to me therefore you. Free Homeschooling Materials for Preschoolers and Kindergarten LevelEducation as many would say is the many possession man can have. It can never be stolen. Receiving good schooling should be the aim of every individual. With that said, parents should try their best to provide their children with the best schooling potential in order to bring out their child full potential.
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Parent's Role In Homeschooling Education
Parents are responsible to choose the most accepted teaching methodology for their children. Their decision contributes a lot with the proper foundation of intellectual, social, emotional and skills, spiritual and skills development of their child. That is why, parents opt to homeschool their children in an accredited homeschool schooling agenda to monitor their children's develop effectively.
Most definitely, parents have a big role in homeschooling. They are their child's first educators or teachers. In the early years of a child, the most suitable homeschooling curriculum should include activities that would petite by petite introduce a child into the wonders of his immediate world and imagination. As a matter of fact, raising a toddler or preschooler at home, you may not be aware, but that's how homeschooling starts. So, it is fair to say that schooling truly begins at home.
Homeschooling schooling Resources
In homeschooling education, there are many homeschooling materials or schooling resources ready together with pre-planned curriculums, outlines of courses, science experiments and homeschooling programs or handbooks for beginners. Homeschooling programs ranges from a kindergarten or preschooler straight through senior year. That is how farranging homeschooling schooling legitimately is.
Christian HomeSchooling
When homeschooling schooling is just starting, the habitancy who legitimately pioneered homeschooling curriculum are the Christian families. They facilitated promoting christian homeschooling schooling resources.
Homeschooling Programs and Curriculum
One of the largest companies that provide homeschoolers with the best homeschooling materials is Rainbow reserved supply center. The best publishers of homeschooling schooling programs are the following: Abeka Book, Apologia Educational Ministries, Bob Jones University, Press Cam rose, Classical Academy Christian, freedom Academy School System
Abeka Book, Apologia Educational Ministries, Bob Jones University, Press Cam rose, Classical Academy Christian, freedom Academy School System.
The curriculum that is included for Pre-School are language, thinking skills, English alphabetical, science, mathematical thinking beginning, coloring, building with building blocks. Reading lessons, language and arts, math, geography, science, thinking skills are the usual subjects included in a kindergarten's homeschool curriculum.
As for Junior High School and High School, their curriculum includes subjects like Bible, Science, Math, History, Language Arts, Reading and Geography
For years, homeschooling schooling is proven effective. Nevertheless, for a homeschooling schooling to be successful, parents and immediate guardians should aid their child and make sure he is ready. It is best to understand that the expectations of a child entering kindergarten is dissimilar compared to a high school homeschooler.
Kindergarten should remain to be a fun learning environment. Homeschooling programs for kindergarten are designed to assist children to learn things in a less structured advent like the formal surroundings seen in many secret and communal schools.
Conclusion
To wrap up, Homeschool curriculum and educational resources are legitimately plentiful. Understandably, it can be very overwhelming to choose from a range of homeschooling materials and educational resources. Awareness of your child's learning needs is leading in order to choose the most suitable homeschool programs.
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Types of Forensic Science
Homeschool Legal Defense Aid - Types of Forensic Science
Good morning. Now, I found out about Homeschool Legal Defense Aid - Types of Forensic Science. Which is very helpful if you ask me and you. Types of Forensic ScienceCriminalistics is the application of various sciences to sass questions relating to test and comparison of biological evidence, trace evidence, impression evidence (such as fingerprints, shoeprints, and tire tracks), controlled substances, firearms, and other evidence in criminal investigations. Some of the forensic science disciplines are detailed under.
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Forensic odontology is the study of uniqueness of dentition of all human beings. Also known as Forensic Dentistry, it deals with allowable handling, test and appraisal of dental evidence, which is then presented in the interest of justice. The evidence that may be derived from teeth is the age, in case of children, and also identification of the man to whom the teeth belong. This is done using dental records or ante-mortem that is, before death photographs. The other type of evidence is that of bite marks, left on either the victim (by the attacker), the perpetrator (from the victim of an attack), or on an object found at the crime scene. Bite marks have often been found on children who are abused.
Forensic toxicology refers to the use of toxicology to aid medico-legal investigation of death using poisoning. Some toxic substances do not furnish characteristic lesions. In such as case, if a toxic reaction is suspected, visual investigation may not suffice. A forensic toxicologist must consider the context of an investigation, in particular, if any physical symptoms are recorded, as also any evidence collected at the crime scene that may narrow down the search, such as pill bottles, powders, trace residue, and any available chemicals. Armed with this information, a forensic toxicologist can determine which toxic substances were present, in what concentrations and the probable effects of those chemicals on the person. Determining the substance ingested is often involved by the body's natural processes, as it is rare for a chemical to remain in its original form once in the body.
Forensic engineering deals with the causes of failure of devices and structures. It is the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail to operate or do not function as intended. A criminal aspect is possible in any investigation but is not all the time the case as civil cases are much more common. Generally, the purpose of any forensic engineering investigation is to uncover cause or causes of failure with a view to improve execution or life of a component. It also involves the investigation of intellectual property claims, especially patents. Methods used in forensic investigations include reverse engineering, inspection of observe statements, a working knowledge of current standards, as well as the test of the failed component itself. The fractured outside of a failed goods can describe much facts as to how the item failed and the loading pattern prior to its failure.
Forensic economics is the study and interpretation of the economic damage evidence that includes present day calculations of lost revenue and benefits, the lost value of a business, lost enterprise profits, lost value of household service, replacement labor costs and hereafter healing care costs. Forensic accounting on the other hand, is defined as the study and interpretation of accounting evidence
Forensic psychology and forensic psychiatry deals with the legal aspects of human behavior. They deal with the application of psychological principles and knowledge to various legal activities entertaining child custody disputes, child abuse of an emotional, physical and sexual nature, assessing one's personal capacity to administrate one's affairs, matters of competency to stand trial, criminal accountability and personal injury and advising judges in matters relating to sentencing concerning various mitigates and the actuarial appraisal of hereafter risks.
Forensic anthropology is the application of physical anthropology in a legal setting, ordinarily for the saving and identification of the skeletal remains of the dead body whereas Forensic entomology deals with the test of infesting insects in, on, and around human remains to assist in measurement of time or location of death. Forensic evidence is referred to as the scientific evidence collected from a crime scene.
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